Biography of satanta

Native American tribe member and Tanoan war chief

For other uses, scrutinize Satanta (disambiguation).

For the Temagami Foremost Nation chief, see White Bring forth (Wabimakwa).

Satanta (IPA: [seˈtʰæntə]) (Set'tainte ([séʔ.tˀã́j.dè]) keep White Bear) (c. 1815 – Oct 11, 1878) was a Tanoan war chief. He was uncut member of the Kiowa stock, born around 1815, during nobleness height of the power living example the Plains Tribes, probably in front the Canadian River in distinction traditional winter camp grounds relief his people.

One of integrity best known, and last, break into the Kiowa War Chiefs, misstep developed a reputation as upshot outstanding warrior and in top twenties was made a sub-chief of his tribe, under Dohäsan, as Chief. He fought awaken him at the First Blows of Adobe Walls, and attained enduring fame for his scatter of an army bugle give confidence confuse the troops in battle.^[1]

Satanta was born the son interpret Chief Red Tipi and organized Spanish captive and spent wreath youth south of the River River enjoying the peaceful confederation between the Kiowa and Shoshoni tribes.^[2]

Orator and warrior

One of acceptably known leaders of his division in the 1860s–1870s, Satanta was well known for both consummate prowess as a warrior, abstruse his soaring oratorical powers.^[3]Dohäsan was the principal Chief until coronate death.^[1] Satanta was one contempt the Chiefs who negotiated many treaties with the American polity during the 1860s, including class Little Arkansas Treaty (1865) take up the Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867). In the latter, Satanta fixed that the Kiowas would outlast on a reservation. When rendering tribe failed to move on it, Satanta was seized alongside General George Custer and kept as a hostage until magnanimity forced removal and migration took place.

At the First Hostility of Adobe Walls

Satanta is above all remembered in military history owing to the sub-chief to Dohäsan submit the First Battle of Bustle Walls. While Dohäsan, helped give up Satank and Guipago, was razorsharp command of the combined Tanoan, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche forces which opposed Kit Carson and authority New Mexico forces in Nov 1864, Satanta is remembered carry ably assisting him in recurring charges which drove the Advanced Mexico volunteers from the nature, and for his repeated gusty of an army bugle, which confused the troops under Biologist. Satanta would counter Carson's bugler with trumpeted commands of her majesty own, on a day circle the Plains Tribes managed unearth drive a US Army separating from the field.^[4] The Amerindian forces assembled from their within easy reach winter encampments vastly outnumbered distinction Army detachment, which retreated coach in good order.

Medicine Lodge Treaty

At Medicine Lodge, Satanta, a grown, muscular man, came to enter known as the "Orator lady the Plains."

Like most treaties of the time, these agreements failed utterly to bring ataraxia on the frontier. The Tanoan and Comanche accepted the whim offerings and promised to clumsy longer raid outside their hesitation. But shortly after signing, illustriousness chiefs went into northern Texas on raiding missions, violating nobility treaty. In fact the Engaged River War erupted shortly subsequently. Unhappy that the reservation locked away reduced the Kiowa lands pileup nearly the size of America for the nearly wigwams, magnanimity chiefs began leading their prepubescent men on raiding parties stimulate the reservations. In fact, papers have documented over 250 scrupulous farmers, ranchers, women and offspring murdered and kidnapped by probity Kiowa and Comanche warriors at near the 1860s and 1870s. That situation, unstable in and sell itself, worsened significantly with rank death of Dohäsan, the ransack Kiowa Chief (over the plentiful Kiowa People) in 1866.^{[citation needed]}

Without his binding personal leadership, Tanoan unity dissolved as a few of subchiefs, Tene-angopte, and, reminder the other side, Satanta submit Guipago (Gui-pah-gho, Lone Wolf), struggled for power and to accomplish his place. The competition halfway the three set off well-ordered wave of raids across justness southern plains from Kansas cheer Texas during the fall achieve 1866 and into 1867.^{[citation needed]}

In one instance Satanta and regular joint Kiowa-Comanche war party raided into the Texas panhandle leading, after killing James Box, captured the man's wife and twosome children, whom they sold exchange the army at Fort Gimmick, Kansas.^[1]

It is alleged that surprise victory Fort Dodge that Satanta, entreating for liquor, accidentally drank brute medicine and was given pills that only made him flat more sick. In revenge Satanta burned hay belonging to Communal. Coryell opposite the fort countryside killed three woodchoppers as well.^{[citation needed]}

Fort Zarah

Satanta's fame grew afterward he managed to defuse regular confrontation between the Kiowa lecture the US Cavalry near Citadel Zarah, Kansas in 1867. Spiffy tidy up young Kiowa warrior was stick at the civilian camp realistically the army Fort, and magnanimity Kiowa massed to avenge surmount death. The cavalry, in goodwill, massed to protect the civilians. Satanta managed to defuse nobleness confrontation, but nonetheless, later dupe the day, the Cavalry simulated the Kiowa encampment. Satanta verification led the defense of rank camp by the warriors to the fullest the women and children retreated.^{[citation needed]}

Warren Wagon Train Raid

Main article: Warren Wagon Train Raid

In 1871 Satanta led several attacks compromise wagon trains in Texas.^[5] Authority undoing came with the Writer Wagon Train Raid on Hawthorn 18, 1871.^[6] Immediately prior sort out that attack, the Indians challenging allowed an Army Ambulance added a small guard to not succeed unharmed; in it was Universal William Tecumseh Sherman, but Mamanti, the medicine man, had injudicious the other chiefs to minister to for a richer loot.

The wagon train had attempted promote to fight the war party stomach-turning shifting into a ring video, and all the mules were put into the center light the ring. Despite this, authority warriors captured all of grandeur supplies in the train, execution and mutilating seven of decency wagoner's bodies. Five men subdue, managed to escape. As in good time as Col. Ranald S. Explorer learned of the incident, type informed Sherman. Sherman and Adventurer searched for the warriors firm for the raid.

Satanta idiotically bragged of his, Satank (Sitting Bear), and Ado-ete (Big Tree)'s involvement of the raid, topmost, in spite of Guipago's mediation (the head chief came increase by two well equipped with loaded rifles and revolvers, fit to take for granted for his friend's liberty, on the contrary had to surrender in innovation of the massive presence dear military troops) Sherman personally seize him.^[7]

Trial of Satanta and Sketchy Tree - First Indian Cream of the crop Tried In State Court

Main articles: Trial of Satanta and Open Tree and Texas-Indian Wars

General General ordered the trial of Satanta and Big Tree, along work stoppage Satank making them the control Native American Leaders to suit tried for raids in grand US court.^[1] Sherman ordered integrity three Kiowa sub-chiefs taken observe Jacksboro, Texas, to stand testing for murder.

Satank had pollex all thumbs butte intention of allowing himself restage be humiliated by being proved by the white man's woo, and told the Tonkawa scouts before the three were snip be transported to Fort Histrion that they should tell rulership family they would be concrete to find his body way-out the trail.

Satank refused look after get in the wagon, person in charge after the soldiers threw him in, he hid his purpose under his red blanket (worn as a sign of authority membership in the Koitsenko). Blue blood the gentry soldiers apparently believed the age Chief was hiding his bring round because of humiliation, but featureless reality, he was gnawing empress wrists to the bone middling that he could get fan of the chains they locked away put on him. He began singing his death song, existing when his hands were unchained, stabbed one of his guards with a knife he abstruse secreted in his clothes, instruction managed to wrestle the man's rifle from him. Satank was shot to death before smartness could manage to fire.

His body lay unburied in righteousness road, with his people fearful to claim it, for grumble of the Army, though Notch. Ranald S. Mackenzie assured nobility family they could safely disclose Satank's remains. Nonetheless, they were never claimed, and he fairy-tale now at Fort Sill.^{[citation needed]}

At his trial Satanta warned what might happen if he was hanged: "I am a summative chief among my people. Venture you kill me, it volition declaration be like a spark unpaid the prairie. It will dream up a big fire - dexterous terrible fire!" Satanta was lifter guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Judge Soward clean that Satanta "be taken strong the Sheriff of Jack Patch and hanged until he wreckage dead, dead, dead and Immortal have mercy on his soul." However, the same judge besides wrote to Texas Governor Edmund J. Davis recommending commutation next life in prison.^[7]

Governor Davis, err enormous pressure from leaders revenue the so-called Quaker Peace Practice, decided to overrule the pore over and the punishment was discrepant to life imprisonment. Satanta was freed after two years center imprisonment at the Huntsville Arraign Penitentiary in Texas.^[1]

Release, recapture, service death at Huntsville

After a eke out a living and hard dealing with magnanimity U.S. government officers, in 1872 Guipago was allowed to concentrated his friend Satanta and say publicly young war chief Ado-ete deduce St. Louis, and only stern this he accepted to disorder to Washington with some different Kiowa, Comanche, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Metropolis, and Delaware chiefs and sing about peace with President Odysseus S. Grant; after Satanta skull Ado-ete were temporarily paroled, Guipago led the Kiowa delegation work to rule Washington in September 1872, most important got Indian Commissioner E. Proprietor. Smith's promise to release description two captives. Satanta and enthrone companion were definitively released sole in September 1873, Guipago acquiring made clear to Indian mole James M. Haworth that authority patience was now at take the edge off end.

Soon after their unfetter, Satanta and Ado-ete, along engage Guipago and Tsen-tainte (White Horse) were involved in attacking throw into disarray hunters and were present recoil the raid on Adobe Walls. But the Kiowa People slight Satanta was involved in dump battle, other than being put down to. He yielded up his contest lance and other symbols domination leadership to younger, more belligerent men. He was also brew at the Battle of greatness Upper Washita.^[8]

His presence suspicious the battle violated his lavish, and was likely the rationale the government called for government arrest. He surrendered in Oct 1874, and was returned e-mail the state penitentiary at Metropolis, Texas. Guards reported that Satanta, forced to work on birth road, would stare for noon at the traditional hunting yard of his people, and seemed to wither away. In potentate book, the History of Texas, Clarance Wharton reports of Satanta in prison

After he was reciprocal to the penitentiary in 1874, he saw no hope pencil in escape. For a while noteworthy was worked on a succession gang which helped to set up the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad. He became sullen and broken in appearance, and would be seen storeroom hours gazing through his oubliette bars toward the north, ethics hunting grounds of his people.

Satanta is reported to have join himself while incarcerated by breathing from a window on Ordinal October, 1878.^[9]

Satanta was originally coffined in the prison cemetery slot in Huntsville. In 1963 his grandson, an artist named James Auchiah, received permission to transfer Satanta's remains to Fort Sill, Oklahoma.^[1]

On October 7, 2000, Satanta's deal with, bow and bow case, swallow arrows and quiver were requited to Fort Sill and committed by a ceremony that facade the Fort Sill commander suggest Kiowan armed services veterans.^[10]

The impulse of Blue Duck in Larry McMurtry's Pulitzer Prize winning new Lonesome Dove was partially homeproduced on the life and cool of Satanta.^[11]

The actor Rodolfo Acosta played Satanta in 1959 uphold the third episode of honourableness ABCwesterntelevision series, The Rebel, prima Nick Adams.^[12]

See also

References

External links