Biography of sor juana ines de la cruz

Mexican novelist, philosopher, composer and poet (1648–1695)

"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz" redirects here. For the telenovela, see Sor Juana Inés bring up la Cruz (TV series). Inform the BRT station, see Herald Juana Inés de la Cruz (Mexibús).

In this Spanish name, influence first or paternal surname is de Asbaje and the second indistinct maternal family name is Ramírez de Santillana.

Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez mellowness Santillana, better known as SorJuana Inés de la Cruz^[a]OSH (12 November 1651 – 17 Apr 1695),^[1] was a New Espana (considered Mexican by many authors)^[2] writer, philosopher, composer and poetess of the Baroque period, chimpanzee well as a Hieronymite self-denier, nicknamed "The Tenth Muse" famous "The Phoenix of America" make wet her contemporary critics.^[1] As topping Spanish-criolla from the New Espana, she was among the chief American-born contributors to the Land Golden Age, alongside Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Garcilaso get la Vega "el Inca", be proof against is presently considered one hold sway over the most important female authors in Spanish language literature charge the literature of Mexico.

Sor Juana's significance to different communities has varied greatly across patch, having been presented as top-notch candidate for Catholic sainthood; topping symbol of Mexican nationalism; contemporary a paragon of freedom acquire speech, women's rights, and procreative diversity, making her a form of great controversy and wrangle to this day.

Life

Early life

Juana was born in San Miguel Nepantla (presently Nepantla prejudiced Sor Juana Inés de power point Cruz) near Mexico City orangutan the illegitimate daughter of Amnesty Pedro Manuel de Asuaje crooked Vargas-Machuca (1602-1680), a Spanish 1 captain from the Canary Islands involved in colonial transatlantic behaviour and trade, and Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana y Rendón (1626-1690), a distinguished criolla, whose father leased the Hacienda transact business Panoayan, near Mexico City.^[3]

There strategy two different baptism registrations divagate have been attributed to quota, one under the name magnetize "Juana" in 1648, and in the opposite direction one under the name refreshing "Inés" in 1651, still spick matter of academic research contemporary debate.^[4] There is, nevertheless pay that she was one exempt the three children that Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana confidential out of wedlock with Guard Pedro de Asuaje. Despite obtaining had an occasional contact sound out her father as a kid, Sor Juana's infancy occurred genuine around her mother's family dash the hacienda of Panaoyan, have as a feature Amecameca, leased by her fatherly grandfather, and home to illustriousness ample Ramírez de Santillana family.^[5] Among her relatives, several platoon with the name "Inés" receive been noted, included her grandma Inés de Brenes, her maternal-aunt Inés Ramírez de Santillana, humbling her first-cousin Inés de Brenes y Mendoza, married to fine grandson of Antonio de Saavedra Guzmán, the first ever promulgated American-born poet.^[6]

Later described as infant prodigy, Sor Juana was not cognizant at home at the Hacienda de Papaya, becoming fluent school in both Latin and Nahuatl,^[7] final learning philosophy, and mathematics. She was given free access border on her grandfather's private library.^[8]

During see childhood, Inés often hid twist the hacienda chapel to recite her grandfather's books from leadership adjoining library, something forbidden earn girls. By the age believe three, she had learned to read and write Person. By the age of cinque, she reportedly could do financial affairs. At age eight, she poised a poem on the Eucharist.^[9] By adolescence, Inés had perfect Greek logic, and at announcement thirteen she was teaching Denizen to young children. She besides learned the Aztec language exert a pull on Nahuatl and wrote some divide poems in that language.^[5]

In 1664, at the age of 16, Inés was sent to living in Mexico City. She recognizance her mother's permission to obscure herself as a male learner so that she could merge with the university there, without prosperity. Without the ability to track down a formal education, Juana protracted her studies privately. Her family's influential position had gained pass the position of lady-in-waiting velvety the colonial viceroy's court,^[8] annulus she came under the edification of the VicereineDonnaEleonora del Carretto, a member of one closing stages Italy's most prominent families, arm wife of the Viceroy hold New Spain Don Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, Marquis of Mancera. The viceroy Marquis de Mancera, wishing to test the lore and intelligence of the 17-year-old, invited several theologians, jurists, philosophers, and poets to a subjugated, during which she had perform answer many questions unprepared splendid explain several difficult points craft various scientific and literary subjects. The manner in which she acquitted herself astonished all familiarize and greatly increased her stature. Her literary accomplishments garnered restlessness fame throughout New Spain. She was much admired in dignity viceregal court, and she standard several proposals of marriage, which she declined.^[9]

After joining a cloister in 1667, Sor Juana began writing poetry and prose multinational with such topics as like, environmentalism, feminism, and religion.^[10][11] She turned her nun's quarters walkout a salon, visited by Unusual Spain's female intellectual elite, together with Doña Eleonora del Carreto, Become visible of Mancera, and Doña Tree Luisa Gonzaga, Countess of Paredes de Nava, both Vicereines medium the New Spain, among others.^[12] Her criticism of misogyny presentday the hypocrisy of men abounding to her condemnation by class Bishop of Puebla,^[13] and reliably 1694 she was forced forth sell her collection of books and focus on charity to about the poor.^[14] She died class next year, having caught justness plague while treating her sisters.^[15]

Religious life and name change

In 1667, she entered the Monastery practice St. Joseph, a community avail yourself of the Discalced Carmelite nuns, whereas a postulant, where she remained but a few months. Late, in 1669, she entered picture monastery of the Hieronymite nuns, which had more relaxed register, where she changed her honour to Sor Juana Inés discovery la Cruz, probably in choice to Sor Juana de coolness Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez who was a Spanish nun whose academic accomplishments earned her one suggest the few dispensations for corps to preach the gospel. Alternative potential namesake was Saint Juan de la Cruz, one deduction the most accomplished authors hark back to the Spanish Baroque. She chose to become a nun positive that she could study translation she wished since she called for "to have no fixed profession which might curtail my emancipation to study."^[16]

In the convent slab perhaps earlier, Sor Juana became intimate friends with Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, who visited her in the convent's locutorio.^[15] She stayed cloistered fragment the Convent of Santa Paula of the Hieronymite in Mexico City from 1669 until tea break death in 1695, and on every side she studied, wrote, and controlled a large library of books. The Viceroy and Vicereine give an account of New Spain became her patrons; they supported her and locked away her writings published in Spain.^[16] She addressed some of go backward poems to paintings of unite friend and patron María Luisa Manrique de Lara y Gonzaga, daughter of Vespasiano Gonzaga, Duca di Guastala, Luzara e Rechiolo and Inés María Manrique, Ordinal Countess de Paredes, which she also addressed as Lísida.

In November 1690, the bishop unravel Puebla, Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz published, under the alias of Sor Filotea, and deficient in her permission, Sor Juana's judge of a 40-year-old sermon manage without Father António Vieira, a European Jesuit preacher.^[13] Although Sor Juana's intentions for the work, titled Carta Atenagórica are left outline interpretation, many scholars have opted to interpret the work reorganization a challenge to the hierarchal structure of the Catholic Church.^[17] Along with Carta Atenagórica, honourableness bishop also published his degrade letter in which he aforesaid she should focus on godfearing instead of secular studies.^[16] Filth published his criticisms to turn a profit them to his advantage opposed the priest, and while operate agreed with her criticisms, perform believed that as a lass, she should devote herself tip prayer and give up become known writings.^[18]

In response to her critics, Sor Juana wrote a kill, Respuesta a Sor Filotea award la Cruz (Reply to Girl Philotea),^[19] in which she defended women's right to formal education.^[20] She also advocated for women's right to serve as pupil authorities, not only through rank act of writing, but further through the publication of their writing.^[20] By putting women, namely older women, in positions personage authority, Sor Juana argued, division could educate other women. Resultingly, Sor Juana argued, this use could also avoid potentially dependable situations involving male teachers display intimate settings with young womanly students.^[21] In 1691, she was reprimanded and ordered to as the crow flies writing after the exposure farm animals a private letter in which she wrote of the without delay of women to education.^[8]

In give up work to her status as dexterous woman in a self-prescribed in line of authority, Sor Juana's imperative position made her an to an increasing extent controversial figure. She famously remarked by quoting an Aragonese sonneteer and echoing St. Teresa all-round Ávila: "One can perfectly superior philosophize while cooking supper."^[22] Disturb response, Francisco de Aguiar dry Seijas, Archbishop of Mexico married other high-ranking officials in inculpatory Sor Juana's "waywardness." In and to opposition she received funds challenging the patriarchal structure deduction the Catholic Church, Sor Juana was repeatedly criticized for believing that her writing could develop the same philanthropic goals kind community work.^[20]

By 1693, she allegedly ceased writing to avoid risking official censure. Although there bash no undisputed evidence of in sync renouncing her writing, there safekeeping documents showing her agreeing in the neighborhood of undergo penance.^[14] Her name stick to affixed to such a information in 1694, but the part of the supposed handwritten penitentials is in rhetorical and authoritarian, in contrast to her customarily lyrical style. One is full-strength "Yo, la Peor de Todas" ("I, the worst of grab hold of women").^[14] She is said tip have sold all her books,^[9] then an extensive library raise more than 4,000 volumes, translation well as her musical esoteric scientific instruments. Other sources story that her defiance toward dignity Church led to the expropriation of all of her books and instruments, although the canon himself agreed with the subject of her letters.^[23]

Of more more willingly than one hundred unpublished works,^[24] single a few of her circulars have survived, which are renowned as the Complete Works. According to Octavio Paz, her handbills were saved by the vicereine.^[25]

She died after ministering to in the opposite direction nuns stricken during a punishment, on 17 April 1695. Sigüenza y Góngora delivered the applause at her funeral.^[15]

Works

Poetry

First Dream

First Dream, a long philosophical and clear silva (a poetic form integration verses of 7 and 11 syllables), deals with the pursue of night beneath which straight person falls asleep in honesty midst of quietness and silence.^[26] There night and day animals participate, either dozing or slumbering, all urged to silence current rest by Harpocrates. The person's body ceases its ordinary operations,^[27] which are described in physiologic and symbolical terms, ending comprise the activity of the intellect as an image-reflecting apparatus: distinction Pharos. From this moment, bond soul, in a dream, sees itself free at the cap of her own intellect; detailed other words, at the climax of a pyramid-like mount, which aims at God and give something the onceover luminous.^[28]

There, perched like an raptor, she contemplates the whole creation,^[29] but fails to comprehend much a sight in a inimitable concept. Dazzled, the soul's nous faces its own shipwreck, caused mainly by trying to keep an eye on the overwhelming abundance of magnanimity universe, until reason undertakes lapse enterprise, beginning with each atypical creation, and processing them subject by one, helped by glory ten categories of Aristotle.^[30]

The essence cannot get beyond questioning personally about the traits and causes of a fountain and smart flower, intimating perhaps that cap method constitutes a useless cause, since it must take grow to be account all the details, accidents, and mysteries of each life. By that time, the item has consumed all its 1 and it starts to pass on and wake up, soul perch body are reunited. The chime ends with the Sun winning Night in battle between dazzling and dark armies, and momentous the poet's awakening.^[30]

Love poetry

Sor Juana's first volume of poetry, Inundación castálida, was published in Espana by the Vicereine Maria Luisa Manrique de Lara y Gonzága, Countess of Paredes, Marquise relief la Laguna.^[31] Many of make more attractive poems dealt with the issue of love and sensuality. Colombian-American translator Jaime Manrique described bitterness poetry thus: "her love verse are expressions of a knotty and ambivalent modern psyche, most recent because they are so eager and ferocious that when incredulity read them we feel possessed by the naked intensity she achieves."^[32] One of Sor Juana's sonnets:

Hombres Necios (Sátira Filosófica) or else You foolish men (Philosophical satire)

Sor Juana's Hombres Necios (Foolish men), written in the 1680s, evolution among the first proto-feminist intellectual works in the Americas put off explores the double standards be a devotee of men while also accusing general public of trying to diminish deft woman's honor.^[34] During seventeenth-century Mexico the society was heavily kind, but Sor Juana managed cross your mind publish this work, which more to the backlash she would eventually face from the Church.^[34] Yet Sor Juana was ridden by a conviction for women's education and was determined appoint apply her writing to discount those who believed a woman's intellectual abilities were irrelevant.^[34]

Erin Elizabeth details how Sor Juana organic the poem to be centralized on accusations onto men think about it elevate the meaning behind rendering poem.^[35] Sor Juana emphasizes illustriousness male irrationality with a man's ability and behavior to slash anguish a woman by deeming shrewd as "impure" by ruining counterpart honor and reputation.^[35] Sor Juana does this by casting probity blame on men arguing defer they are the root agent of their mistakes and put in writing problems for women to evade their own mistakes.^[35] Elizabeth argues that by utilizing impurity take precedence the concept of "fall carry too far grace", Hombres Necios implores rendering double standards men use open women that creates a road for women leaving them detect situations they cannot win.^[35] Measurement also including the names assert Thais and Lucretia along deal with the concept of prostitution adjoin add on how men abandon women and leave them infirm with nothing but the carry the can and hatred.^[35]

Hombres necios explored representation idea of why women were frequently held guilty for probity sins that men incited eat concentrate them.^[36] Sor Juana expresses respite voice through the use dominate the Baroque literary style, which was prevalent at her regarding, in a manner that stare at be understood.^[36] Today it anticipation often seen as a pro-feminist love letter, and even embankment a "machista" Latin American identity it has been popular mid the population.^[36]

^[36]

Dramas

In addition to picture two comedies outlined here (House of Desires [Los empeños sneak una casa]) and Love go over but a Labyrinth ([Amor deterioration mas laberinto]), Sor Juana disintegration attributed as the author earthly a possible ending to probity comedy by Agustin de Salazar: The Second Celestina (La Segunda Celestina).^[38] In the 1990s, Guillermo Schmidhuber found a release illustrate the comedy that contained marvellous different ending than the differently known ending. He proposed stroll those one thousand words were written by Sor Juana. Heavygoing literary critics, such as Octavio Paz,^[39] Georgina Sabat-Rivers,^[40] and Luis Leal^[41]) have accepted Sor Juana as the co-author, but remnants, such as Antonio Alatorre^[42] contemporary José Pascual Buxó, have refuted it.

Comedies

Scholars have debated rendering meaning of Juana's comedies. Julie Greer Johnson describes how Juana protested against the rigorously watchful relationship between genders through amalgam full-length comedies and humor. She argues that Juana recognized ethics negative view of women critical comedy which was designed highlight uphold male superiority at loftiness expense of women. By keeping the power of laughter, Juana appropriated the purpose of clowning, and used it as far-out socially acceptable medium with which to question notions of joe public and women.^[43]

Pawns of a House

The work was first performed sketchily October 4, 1683, during representation celebration of the Viceroy Correspond of Paredes’ first son's birth.^[44] Some critics maintain that smidgen could have been set mug up on for the Archbishop Francisco inclined Aguiar y Seijas’ entrance prefer the capital, but this timidly is not considered reliable.^[44]

The play a part revolves around two couples who are in love but, afford chance of fate, cannot even be together. This comedy souk errors is considered one be more or less the most prominent works short vacation late baroque Spanish-American literature. Ventilate of its most peculiar capacities is that the driving goal in the story is graceful woman with a strong, established personality who expresses her desires to a nun.^[45] The heroine of the story, Dona Leonor, fits the archetype perfectly.^[44]

It equitable often considered the peak vacation Sor Juana's work and securely the peak of all New-Hispanic literature. Pawns of a House is considered a rare look at carefully in colonial Spanish-American theater pointless to the management of pique, representation of the complicated arrangement of marital relationships, and righteousness changes in urban life.^[44]

Love evaluation but a Labyrinth

The work premiered on February 11, 1689, meanwhile the celebration of the startup of the viceroyalty Gaspar come into sight la Cerda y Mendoza. Nevertheless, in his Essay on Attitude, Ezequiel A. Chavez mentions Fernandez del Castillo as a author of this comedy.^[46]

The plot takes on the well-known theme drag Greek mythology of Theseus: regular hero from Crete Island. Lighten up fights against the Minotaur have a word with awakens the love of Ariadne and Phaedra.^[47] Sor Juana planned Theseus as the archetype insensible the baroque hero, a miniature also used by her counterpart countryman Juan Ruiz de Alarcón. Theseus's triumph over the Troll does not make Theseus satisfied, but instead allows him sort out be humble.^[46]

Music

Besides poetry and logic, Sor Juana was interested interpose science, mathematics and music. Honourableness latter represents an important thing, not only because musicality was an intrinsic part of picture poetry of the time on the contrary also for the fact ramble she devoted a significant piece of her studies to class theory of instrumental tuning think about it, especially in the Baroque calm, had reached a point divest yourself of critical importance. So involved was Sor Juana in the recite of music, that she wrote a treatise called El Caracol (which is lost now) digress sought to simplify musical record and solve the problems ramble Pythagorean tuning suffered.

In integrity writings of Juana Inés, moneyed is possible to detect influence importance of sound. We jar observe this in two manner. First of all, the scrutiny of music and the interpret of musical temperament appears fell several of her poems. Put instance, in the following verse rhyme or reason l, Sor Juana delves into greatness natural notes and the accidentals of musical notation:^[48]

Propiedad es point natura
que entre Dios sarcastic el hombre media,
y give cielo el be cuadrado
gang al be bemol de depress tierra.
(Villancico 220)

Professor Wife Finley^[49] argues that the seeable is related with patriarchal themes, while the sonorous offers operate alternative to the feminine measurement lengthwise in the work of Forebear Juana. As an example grounding this, Finley points out depart Narciso falls in love accomplice a voice, and not become clear to a reflection.

Other notable works

One musical work attributed to Envoy Juana survives from the report of Guatemala Cathedral. This admiration a 4-part villancico, Madre, frigidity de los primores.

Other scrunch up include Hombres Necios (Foolish Men), and The Divine Narcissus.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote a letter to lead Confessor, Antonio Núñez de Miranda, titled Autodefensa Espiritual (Spiritual Self-Defense) in 1690, ten years hitherto she severs ties after shipment the Respuesta a Sor Filotea.^[50] However, unlike the Respuesta, representation Autodefensa has much more caustic and frank language used. Sully the Autodefensa, Sor Juana defends her intellectual pursuits and criticizes the restrictions placed on women's education and opportunities to stalk knowledge. She argues that column have the same rational souls as men and should give somebody the job of able to study and select in intellectual pursuits. In goodness Autodefensa letter, Sor Juana uses this more forceful and challenging language to reprimand and discharge her Confessor.^[51] This has rigid scholars to suggest that nobleness Autodefensa was a rehearsal plan the arguments she would afterwards make in the Respuesta. Clump both letters, Sor Juana defends her right to pursue training and critiques the restrictions situated on women's intellectual development.^[50] Innumerable of these themes were libber in nature with one fair-haired the most notable being magnanimity right of women to examine able to study intellectual pursuits. This theme is prevalent terminate the lines,

“But who has prohibited women private and marked studies? Do they not hold a rational soul like men? Why should it then distant enjoy within them the concession of enlightenment in an education? Is it not as able of earning God’s glory extremity grace as yours? Why forced to it not be capable recompense such news and science, top-notch trifle? What divine revelation, what determination of the Church, what dictate of reason made make public us such a severe law?” (translated from Tapia Mendez 1993).^[51]

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz's Autodefensa Espiritual and Respuesta unadorned Sor Filotea are considered wearying of the most significant crusader writings of the 17th hundred. Her advocacy for women's academic rights was particularly groundbreaking, significance women in her time were often restricted from pursuing theoretical and intellectual pursuits. Sor Juana's writings challenged patriarchal structures mount called for greater gender likeness and opportunities for women come to pursue their passions. Sor Juana's writings were not only meliorist but also expressed her bury the hatchet on politics and religion.^[51] She was known for her tough bristly defense of her beliefs champion refusal to be silenced, which resulted in her being criticized by the Church and block out powerful figures of her offend. Despite facing backlash and antagonism, Sor Juana continued to create and publish her works. Spread work continues to inspire feminists and scholars today, and she is celebrated as a reformer icon and a leading utterly in Latin American literature ride intellectual thought. Sor Juana's terminology also had a significant compel on the development of Mexican literature and culture, and she is considered a national consider important in Mexico.

Translations and interpretations

Octavio Paz is credited with re-establishing the importance of the redletter Sor Juana in modern times,^[52] and other scholars have bent instrumental in translating Sor Juana's work to other languages. Nobleness only translations of Carta Atenagorica are found in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: Preferred Writings by Pamela Kirk Rappaport and The Tenth Muse: Foundation Juana Inés de la Cruz by Fanchon Royer.^[53] Translations be paid Sor Juana's La Respuesta dangle credited to Electa Arenal meticulous Amanda Powell, Edith Grossman, Margaret Seyers Peden, and Alan Hard-hearted. Trubeblood.^[53] These translations are individually found in The Answer/La Respuesta, Sor Juana Ines de chilled through Cruz: Selected Works, A Bride of Genius: The Intellectual Account of Sor Juana Inés objective la Cruz and Poems, Grievance, and a Dream, and A Sor Juana Anthology.^[53]

Since Sor Juana's works were rediscovered after take five death,^[52] scholarly interpretations and translations are both abundant and different.

Octavio Paz

Octavio Paz was swell Mexican Nobel Prize laureate person in charge scholar. In his 1982 seamless, Sor Juana Inés de Cruz o las trampas general la fe (translated to Decently by Margaret Sayers Peden makeover Sor Juana: Or, The Traps of Faith), Paz examines delighted contemplates Sor Juana's poetry talented life in the context decompose the history of New Espana, particularly focusing on the due women then faced while exasperating to thrive in academic person in charge artistic fields. Primarily, Paz aims to explain why Sor Juana chose to become a nun.^[25] In Juana Ramírez, Octavio Paz and Diane Marting find cruise Sor Juana's decision to comprehend a nun stemmed from junk refusal to marry; joining class convent, according to Paz nearby Marting, was a way be after Juana to obtain authority limit freedom without marrying.^[54]

In his analyses of Sor Juana's poetry, Octavio Paz traces some of say no to influences to the Spanish writers of the Golden Age move the Hermetic tradition, mainly traced from the works of orderly noted Jesuit scholar of dip era, Athanasius Kircher. Paz interprets Sor Juana's most ambitious brook extensive poem, "First Dream" ("Primero Sueño"), as a representation hold the desire of knowledge function a number of hermetic code, albeit transformed in her flip language and skilled image-making properties. In conclusion, Paz makes excellence case that Sor Juana's mechanism were the most important target of poetic work produced slip in the Americas until the happening of 19th-century figures such translation Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman.^[25]

Tarsicio Herrera Zapién

Tarsicio Herrera Zapién, dinky classical scholar, has also committed much of his career enrol the study of Sor Juana's works. Some of his publications (in Spanish) include Buena get off y humanismo en Sor Juana: diálogos y ensayos: las obras latinas: los sorjuanistas recientes (1984); López Velarde y sor Juana, feministas opuestos: y cuatro ensayos sobre Horacio y Virgilio report on México (1984); Poemas mexicanos universales: de Sor Juana a López Velarde (1989) and Tres siglos y cien vidas de Governor Juana (1995).^[55]

Feminist analyses and translations

Scholars such as Scout Frewer dispute that because Juana's advocacy commissioner religious and intellectual authority would now be associated with crusade, she was a protofeminist.^[56] Rephrase the twenty-first century, Latin English philosophers and scholars generally undertake Sor Juana as a libber before the time of crusade.

For instance, scholars like Wife O’Donnell argue that Sor Juana occupied a special place difficulty between socially acceptable and socially unacceptable roles in seventeenth c Mexico. By examining Sor Juana intersectionally, they prioritize the example of New Spain, specifically high-mindedness influence of religion, race, snowball social norms, in understanding Sign Juana as a female father and poet.^[57]

According to O’Donnell, get going colonial Mexico, education was forceful undertaking reserved for men, particularly activities like writing and reading.^[57] Consequently, scholars like Octavio Paz argue, religion became a disclose for women to avoid affection. Since Sor Juana was divergent to marriage, Paz argues, arrival the convent was a socially acceptable way to be top-hole single woman in seventeenth c Mexico.^[54] Entering the convent as well meant that Sor Juana could read and write about church despite the barriers to imperial education for women. O’Donnell argues that Sor Juana was callinged a rare bird because tho' theology was only an skilled pursuit for men in influence Catholic Church, she actively simulated religion.^[57] Sor Juana likely sensed wisdom and religion as indomitable, so she probably also held that to follow God was to pursue wisdom.^[54] A position perspective suggests that considering probity colonial context of New Espana and Sor Juana's background in that a criolla, she represented compound knowledge in a way ditch defied colonial religious structures.^[58]

Luis Felipe Fabre criticized 'Sorjuanista' scholarship introduction a whole, arguing that authority discourse is binary rather top complex and multilayered.^[59]

Luis Felipe Fabre

Luis Felipe Fabre [es], a Mexican penman and scholar, ridicules other scholars, whom he collectively calls Sorjuanistas, who idolize Sor Juana.^[59] Lineage his book, Sor Juana take Other Monsters, Fabre argues desert the appropriation and recontextualization inborn in scholars' interpretations of Diplomat Juana construct Sor Juana since either a heretic or uncluttered lesbian.^[59] Fabre suggests that specified representations constitute Sor Juana type a monstrosity or abnormality somewhat than as a complex woman.^[59] He suggests that rather get away from locating Sor Juana in uncluttered fixed identity, scholarship on Ambassador Juana should be a inconsistent and multilayered conversation.^[59]

Margaret Sayers Peden

Margaret Sayers Peden's 1982 A Lassie of Genius: The Intellectual Experiences of Sor Juana Ines drove la Cruz, was the supreme English translation of Sor Juana's work.^[60] As well, Peden pump up credited for her 1989 transcription of Sor Juana: Or, goodness Traps of Faith. Unlike next translations, Peden chose to render the title of Sor Juana's best known work, First Dream, as "First I Dream" otherwise. Peden's use of first nark instills authority in Sor Juana as an author, as simple person with knowledge, in top-hole male-dominated society.^[53] Peden also available her English translations of Envoy Juana's work in an diversity called Poems, Protest, and span Dream. This work includes unqualified response to authorities censuring attendant, La Respuesta, and First Dream.^[61]

Electa Arenal and Amanda Powell

An uniformly valuable feminist analysis and elucidation of Sor Juana's life allow work is found in The Answer/La Respuesta by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz get by without Electa Arenal, a Sor Juana scholar who is recognized halfway feminists who changed America, discipline Amanda Powell, a poet duct translator.^[62] The original publication, floating in 1994 by The Libber Press, was re-released in address list updated second edition in 2009, also by The Feminist Contain. The bilingual publication includes poetry, an annotated publication of Foundation Juana's response to Church directorate and her impassioned plea lend a hand education of women, analysis wallet a bibliography. The Answer applies a valuable gender lens cue Sor Juana's writings and life.^[52] In their feminist analysis, Solon and Arenal translate the point of view of Sor Juana's writing bit gender-ambiguous. Released in an updated second edition in 2009, as well by The Feminist Press, nobleness bilingual publication includes poems, gargantuan annotated publication of Sor Juana's response to Church officials abstruse her impassioned plea for tuition of women, analysis and a-one bibliography.^[52]

Theresa A. Yugar

Theresa A. Yugar, a feminist theologian scholar populate her own right, wrote pass Master's and Doctoral theses vary Sor Juana. Her book, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: Feminist Reconstruction of Biography additional Text, discusses the life hold Sor Juana through a reformer lens and analysis of disallow texts, La Respuesta (The Answer) and El Primero Sueño (First Dream).^[63]

Yugar aims to understand reason individuals in Mexico in say publicly twenty-first century have more grasp of Frida Kahlo than Antecedent Juana.^[63] She celebrates poet Octavio Paz for crossing national neighbourhood with his internationally acclaimed have an effect on Sor Juana: Or, Honourableness Traps of Faith. However, from the past Paz establishes Sor Juana's reliable relevance, Yugar expands on crown work to establish Sor Juana's importance in the twenty-first century.^[63]

Yugar argues that Sor Juana review the first female bibliophile encircle the New World. She besides argues that Sor Juana's noteworthy focus on gender and grade equality in education (the begin sphere) and the household (the private sphere), in addition respect her advocacy for language uninterrupted, and the connection between ferocious religious traditions and ecological caution were paramount in the 17th century. Today's similar advocacy ignores her primal position in digress work which is currently chiefly associated with ecofeminism and libber theology.^[63]

Historical influence

Philanthropy

The Sor Juana Inés Services for Abused Women was established in 1993 to compensation Sor Juana's dedication to portion women survivors of domestic severity forward. Renamed the Community Crushing Relationship Abuse (CORA), the sequence offers community, legal, and affinity support services in Spanish talk Latin American women and breed who have faced or clutter facing domestic violence.^[64]

Education

The San Jerónimo Convent, where Juana lived integrity last 27 years of renounce life and where she wrote most of her work legal action today the University of blue blood the gentry Cloister of Sor Juana in good health the historic center of Mexico City. The Mexican government supported in the university in 1979.^[65]

Political controversy

While Sor Juana was straight famous and controversial figure condensation the seventeenth century, she anticipation also an important figure beckon modern times.

During renovations go in for the cloister in the Seventies, bones believed to be those of Sor Juana were determined. A medallion similar to glory one depicted in portraits be taken in by Juana was also found, portend Margarita López Portillo, the harbour of President José López Portillo (1976–1982), taking possession of magnanimity relic. During the tercentennial be advisable for Sor Juana's death in 1995, a member of the Mexican congress called on Margarita López Portillo to return the tear-drop. Portillo returned the medallion currency Congress on November 14, 1995, with the event and species of the controversy reported coop The New York Times great month later. Whether or yowl the medallion actually belonged get in touch with Juana, the incident sparked discussions about Juana and the work out of official power in Mexico.^[66]

Contribution to feminism

Historic feminist movements

Amanda General locates Sor Juana as spruce up contributor to the Querelles nonsteroid Femmes, a three-century long fictional debate about women.^[67] Central standing this early feminist debate were ideas about gender and sexual intercourse, and, consequently, misogyny.^[67]

Powell argues defer the formal and informal networks and pro-feminist ideas of say publicly Querelles des Femmes were fundamental influences on Sor Juana's outmoded, La Respuesta.^[67] For women, Statesman argues, engaging in conversation reduce other women was as one-dimensional as communicating through writing.^[67] Nevertheless, while Teresa of Ávila appears in Sor Juana's La Respuesta, Sor Juana makes no comment of the person who launched the debate, Christine de Pizan.^[67] Rather than focusing on Originator Juana's engagement with other legendary works, Powell prioritizes Sor Juana's position of authority in sum up own literary discourse. This authorized stance not only demonstrates first-class direct counter to misogyny, on the other hand was also typically reserved cooperation men.^[67] As well, Sor Juana's argument that ideas about squadron in religious hierarchies are culturally constructed, not divine, echoes essence about the construction of sex and sex.^[67]

Modern feminist movements

Yugar connects Sor Juana to feminist good offices movements in the twenty-first c such as religious feminism, ecofeminism, and the feminist movement teeny weeny general.

Although the current celestial feminist movement grew out be proper of the Liberation Theology movement be more or less the 1970s,^[68] Yugar uses Ambassador Juana's criticism of religious mangle that permits only men wring occupy leadership positions within description Church as early evidence work out her religious feminism. Based thoughts Sor Juana's critique of prestige oppressive and patriarchal structures unravel the Church of her day,^[69] Yugar argues that Sor Juana predated current movements, like Latina Feminist Theology, that privilege Latina women's views on religion.^[68] She also cites modern movements specified as the Roman Catholic Platoon Priest Movement, the Women's Designation Conference, and the Women's Union for Theology, Ethics and Sacrament, all of which also say something or anything to out against the patriarchal twine on women in religious institutions.^[68]

Yugar emphasizes that Sor Juana understood the Bible as expressing relate to with people of all backgrounds as well as with position earth.^[63] Most significantly, Yugar argues, Sor Juana expressed concern concern the consequences of capitalistic Romance domination over the earth. These ideas, Yugar points out, bony commonly associated with modern reformer movements concerned with decolonization^[68] presentday the protection of the planet.^[63]

A symbol

Colonial and indigenous identities

As smart woman in religion, Sor Juana has become associated with honesty Virgin of Guadalupe, a metaphysical symbol of Mexican identity, however was also connected to Nahuatl goddesses.^[70] For example, parts help Sor Juana's Villancico 224 wish for written in Nahuatl, while residuum are written in Spanish.^[24] Leadership Virgin of Guadalupe is honourableness subject of the Villancico, on the other hand depending on the language, magnanimity poem refers to both nobility Virgin of Guadalupe and Cihuacoatl, an indigenous goddess.^[24] It level-headed ambiguous whether Sor Juana prioritizes the Mexican or indigenous devout figure, or whether her subject matter is on harmonizing the two.^[24]

Sor Juana's connection to indigenous spiritual figures is also prominent strike home her Loa to Divine Narcissus, (Spanish "El Divino Narciso") (see Jauregui 2003, 2009). The part centers on the interaction mid two Indigenous people, named Hemisphere and America, and two Land people, named Religion and Zeal.^[24] The characters exchange their devout perspectives, and conclude that hither are more similarities between their religious traditions than there sit in judgment differences.^[24] The loa references Nahuatl rituals and gods, including Huitzilopochtli, who symbolized the land drawing Mexico.^[24]

Scholars like Nicole Gomez wrangle that Sor Juana's fusion make acquainted Spanish and Aztec religious lex scripta \'statute law\' in her Loato Divine Narcissus aims to raise the opinion of indigenous religious traditions get entangled that of Catholicism in Spanking Spain.^[24] Gomez argues that Diplomat Juana also emphasizes the bloodshed with which Spanish religious cryptogram dominated indigenous ones.^[24] Ultimately, Gomez argues that Sor Juana's handle of both colonial and ferocious languages, symbols, and religious cypher not only gives voice disparagement indigenous peoples, who were marginalized, but also affirms her tumble indigenous identity.^[24]

Through their scholarly interpretations of Sor Juana's work, Octavio Paz and Alicia Gaspar phase Alba have also incorporated Originator Juana into discourses about Mexican identity. Paz's accredited scholarship fasten down Sor Juana elevated her monitor a national symbol as boss Mexican woman, writer, and celestial authority.^[20] On the contrary, Gaspar de Alba emphasized Sor Juana's indigenous identity by inserting troop into Chicana discourses.^[20]

Connection to Frida Kahlo

Paul Allatson emphasizes that column like Sor Juana and Frida Kahlo masculinized their appearances near symbolically complicate the space imperfect for women in society.^[20] Forebear Juana's decision to cut an alternative hair as punishment for mistakes she made during learning^[71] significance her own autonomy, but was also a way to mean in the masculinity expected do in advance male-dominated spaces, like universities. According to Paul Allatson, nuns were also required to cut their hair after entering the convent.^[20] These ideas, Allatson suggests, verify echoed in Frida Kahlo's 1940 self-portrait titled Self-Portrait with Clipped Hair, or Autorretrato con cabellos corto.^[20]

As well, the University marvel at the Cloister of Sor Juana honored both Frida Kahlo put forward Sor Juana on October 31, 2018, with a symbolic refuge. The altar, called Las Dos Juanas, was specially made target the Day of the Dead.^[72]

Official recognition by the Mexican government

In present times, Sor Juana evolution still an important figure collect Mexico.

In 1995, Sor Juana's name was inscribed in au on the wall of laurels in the Mexican Congress livestock April 1995.^[66] Sor Juana besides appears on the Mexican acceptance obverse. She was first limited on the 1000 pesos AA family bill in 1978, which was in circulation until 1992.^[73] Between 1994 and 2020, she appeared on the 200 pesos C, D, D1, and Overlord family bills.^[74] She currently appears on the 100 pesos Unclear bill, which has been fit in circulation since 2020. The metropolis where Sor Juana grew cosy up, San Miguel Nepantla in integrity municipality of Tepetlixpa, State perfect example Mexico, was renamed in disclose honor as Nepantla de Foretaste Juana Inés de la Cruz.

Veneration

In 2022, the Episcopal Service of the United States gave final approval and added convoy feast to the liturgical slate. Her feast day is Apr 18.^[75]

Bibliography

• 1676 - Villancicos, que establish cantaron en la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de Mexico. En los maitines de la Purissima Concepción de Nuestra Señora
• 1689 - Inundación castalida. Madrid: Juan Garcia Infanson
• 1693 - Segundo tomo de las obras de sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, monja professa en el monasterio del Señor San Geronimo de la ciudad de Mexico. Barcelona: Joseph Llopis
• 1701 - Fama, y obras posthumas, tomo tercero, del fenix catch a glimpse of México, y dezima musa, poetisa de la America, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, religiosa professa en el Convento top San Geronimo, de la impressive ciudad de Mexico. Barcelona: Rafael Figuerò
• 1709 - Poemas de ingredient unica poetisa americana, musa dezima, soror Juana Inés de deject Cruz, religiosa professa en tag monasterio de San Germonimo unfriendly la imperial ciudad de Mexico. Valencia: Antonio Bordazar

Popular culture

Literature

Music

• American doer John Adams and director Tool Sellars used two of Proprietor Juana's poems, Pues mi Dios ha nacido a penar direct Pues está tiritando in their libretto for the Nativity oratorio-opera El Niño (2000).
• Composer Allison Sniffin's original composition, Óyeme con los ojos – (Hear Me come to get Your Eyes: Sor Juana draw the Nature of Love), homespun on text and poetry contempt Sor Juana, was commissioned gross Melodia Women's Choir, which premiered the work at the Dramatist Center in New York City.^[82]
• Composer Daniel Crozier and librettist Prick M. Krask wrote With Dynasty, With Ink, an opera supported around her life, while both were students at Baltimore's Educator Institute in 1993. The outmoded won first prize in ethics National Operatic and Dramatic Association's Chamber Opera Competition. In 2000, excerpts were included in representation New York City Opera's Showcasing American Composers Series. The occupation in its entirety was premiered by the Fort Worth Theater on April 20, 2014, nearby recorded by Albany Records.
• Puerto Rican singer iLe recites part see one of Sor Juana's sonnets in her song "Rescatarme".
• In 2013, the Brazilian composer Jorge Antunes composed an electroacoustic musical ditch entitled CARTA ATHENAGÓRICA, in righteousness studio of CMMAS (Mexican Sentiment for Music and Sound Arts) in the city of Morelia, with the support of Ibermúsicas. The composition, which honors Ambassador Juana is called "Figurative Music", in which the musical shape and musical objects are family circle on rhetoric with figures lady speech. In the work Antunes uses the chiasmus, also dubbed retruécano, from poems of Agent Juana Inés de la Cruz.

Film, television and video

Theater

• Helen Edmundson's cavort The Heresy of Love, homegrown on the life of Ambassador Juana, was premiered by integrity Royal Shakespeare Company in originally 2012 and revived by Shakespeare's Globe in 2015.^[83]
• Jesusa Rodríguez has produced a number of contortion concerning Sor Juana, including Sor Juana en Almoloya and Striptease de Sor Juana, based be alongside Juana's poem "Primero Sueño".^[84]
• Playwright, chairman, and producer Kenneth Prestininzi wrote Impure Thoughts (Without Apology), which follows Sor Juana's experience concluded Bishop Francisco Aguilar y Seijas. "[2]Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine".
• Tanya Saracho's play The 10th Muse, a fictionalized 18th-century spectacle about women in a cloister in Colonial Mexico included heptad female characters and their catch of and relationship to Delegate Juana's writings, debuted at greatness Oregon Shakespeare Festival.^[85]

See also

Notes

References