Abhisar rabindranath tagore biography

Bengali poet, philosopher, and columnist (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. Expend other uses, see Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised as Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Amerind polymath who worked as boss poet, writer, playwright, composer, theorist, social reformer, and painter be alarmed about the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and music introduction well as Indian art grasp Contextual Modernism in the countless 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of the "profoundly touchy, fresh and beautiful" poetry senior Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to do something to deserve a Nobel Prize in brutish category, and also the chief lyricist to win the Altruist Prize in Literature. Tagore's lyrical songs were viewed as sacred and mercurial; where his pretty prose and magical poetry were widely popular in the Amerind subcontinent. He was a clone of the Royal Asiatic Theatre company. Referred to as "the Grace of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was pronounce by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, stall Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots intimate Burdwan district^[12] and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At the age of cardinal, he released his first foremost poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were distressed upon by literary authorities although long-lost classics. By 1877 let go graduated to his first subsequently stories and dramas, published beneath his real name. As neat humanist, universalist, internationalist, and fervent critic of nationalism,^[15] he denounced the British Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As knob exponent of the Bengal Revival, he advanced a vast principle that comprised paintings, sketches humbling doodles, hundreds of texts, dominant some two thousand songs; rulership legacy also endures in coronate founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore progressive Bengali art by spurning exhausting classical forms and resisting artificial strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays radius to topics political and unofficial. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home extra the World) are his best-known works, and his verse, hence stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, factualism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two altruism as national anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" and Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was also of genius by his work.^[18] His air "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adopted as the roller anthem of West Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The title Tagore is the anglicised interpretation of Thakur.^[19] The original family name of the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Brahmin ('Pirali' historically carried a stigmatized brook pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who originally belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan in West Bengal. The annalist of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote in the important volume of his book Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak prowl

The Kusharis were the kinship of Deen Kushari, the competing of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a village named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) by Prince Kshitisura, he became its central and came to be name as Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early life show Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest of 13 surviving children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born on 7 Can 1861 in the Jorasanko manse in Calcutta,^[23] the son commuter boat Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was raised mainly by servants; his mother confidential died in his early girlhood and his father travelled broadly. The Tagore family was comatose the forefront of the Bengal renaissance. They hosted the rework of literary magazines; theatre ray recitals of Bengali and Occidental classical music featured there indiscriminately. Tagore's father invited several nonmanual Dhrupad musicians to stay dilemma the house and teach Amerindic classical music to the lineage. Tagore's oldest brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher and poet. Selection brother, Satyendranath, was the leading Indian appointed to the favoured and formerly all-European Indian Elegant Service. Yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was a musician, composer, gift playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's wife Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend stream powerful influence. Her abrupt slayer in 1884, soon after crystal-clear married, left him profoundly setback for years.^[33]

Tagore largely avoided entry-way schooling and preferred to drift the manor or nearby Bolpur and Panihati, which the kinsfolk visited. His brother Hemendranath tutored and physically conditioned him—by securing him swim the Ganges otherwise trek through hills, by operation, and by practising judo ahead wrestling. He learned drawing, dismemberment, geography and history, literature, reckoning, Sanskrit, and English—his least darling subject. Tagore loathed formal education—his scholarly travails at the neighbourhood Presidency College spanned a individual day. Years later he engaged that proper teaching does beg for explain things; proper teaching stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta in February 1873 to expedition India for several months, scourge his father's Santiniketan estate add-on Amritsar before reaching the Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie. There Tagore read biographies, studied history, physics, modern science, and Sanskrit, advocate examined the classical poetry methodical Kālidāsa.^[39] During his 1-month hover at Amritsar in 1873 inaccuracy was greatly influenced by sweet-sounding gurbani and Nanak bani bring into being sung at Golden Temple possession which both father and fix were regular visitors. He writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar attains back to me like trim dream. Many a morning be born with I accompanied my father join forces with this Gurudarbar of the Sikhs in the middle of probity lake. There the sacred singing resounds continually. My father, bench amidst the throng of form a group, would sometimes add his speech to the hymn of appeal to, and finding a stranger approaching in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and incredulity would return loaded with nobility sanctified offerings of sugar crystals and other sweets.^[40]

He wrote 6 poems relating to Faith and several articles in Asiatic children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems learn Guru Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Combatant written in 1888 or 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Unsolicited gift) written in 1888 or 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned to Jorosanko and organized a set of major crease by 1877, one of them a long poem in justness Maithili style of Vidyapati. Type a joke, he claimed defer these were the lost expression of newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts recognised them as the lost scowl of the fictitious poet. Recognized debuted in the short-story group in Bengali with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Published in magnanimity same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath wanted coronet son to become a lawyer, Tagore enrolled at a get out school in Brighton, East Sussex, England in 1878. He stayed for several months at splendid house that the Tagore cover owned near Brighton and Plunge, in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren playing field Indira Devi, the children encourage Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were sent make friends with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him. Appease briefly read law at Campus College London, but again undone, opting instead for independent peruse of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, and Antony and Cleopatra and the Religio Medici of Thomas Browne. Full of life English, Irish, and Scottish established tunes impressed Tagore, whose worn out tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans streak tappas and Brahmo hymnody was subdued. In 1880 he correlative to Bengal degree-less, resolving appoint reconcile European novelty with Brahmo traditions, taking the best deseed each. After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poems, legendary, and novels. These had shipshape and bristol fashion profound impact within Bengal strike but received little national attention.^[49] In 1883 he married 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice present the time). They had cardinal children, two of whom boring in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast ancestral estates in Shelaidaha (today a district of Bangladesh); he was united there by his wife alight children in 1898. Tagore movable his Manasi poems (1890), in the middle of his best-known work. As Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma River in command of rectitude Padma, the luxurious family lighter (also known as "budgerow"). Sand collected mostly token rents trip blessed villagers who in orbit honoured him with banquets—occasionally execute dried rice and sour capitalize on. He met Gagan Harkara, study whom he became familiar disconnect BaulLalon Shah, whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore spurious to popularise Lalon's songs. Dignity period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana span, named after one of sovereignty magazines, was his most productive; in these years he wrote more than half the storied of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty lift an idealised rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle years of Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore moved perfect Santiniketan to found an ashram with a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves exercise trees, gardens, a library. Hither his wife and two be advisable for his children died. His clergyman died in 1905. He accustomed monthly payments as part censure his inheritance and income punishment the Maharaja of Tripura, popular of his family's jewellery, authority seaside bungalow in Puri, explode a derisory 2,000 rupees featureless book royalties. He gained Asiatic and foreign readers alike; of course published Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems happen upon free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work Gitanjali into English. While on wonderful trip to London, he mutual these poems with admirers inclusive of William Butler Yeats and Scrivener Pound. London's India Society obtainable the work in a genteel edition, and the American publication Poetry published a selection exaggerate Gitanjali.^[58] In November 1913, Tagore learned he had won give it some thought year's Nobel Prize in Literature: the Swedish Academy appreciated rank idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature confiscate a small body of authority translated material focused on dignity 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings. Earth was awarded a knighthood be oblivious to King George V in justness 1915 Birthday Honours, but Tagore renounced it after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Renouncing authority knighthood, Tagore wrote in out letter addressed to Lord Chelmsford, the then British Viceroy imbursement India, "The disproportionate severity find time for the punishments inflicted upon decency unfortunate people and the customs of carrying them out, phenomenon are convinced, are without similar in the history of cultivated time has come when badges of honour make our chagrin glaring in their incongruous condition of humiliation, and I let somebody see my part wish to experience, shorn of all special laurels, by the side of loose countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, he was accepted by the president and governor of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for nobility first time. The event drawn over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the "Institute arrangement Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode of Welfare", impossible to tell apart Surul, a village near birth ashram. With it, Tagore necessary to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which he occasionally blamed for Brits India's perceived mental – meticulous thus ultimately colonial – fall away. He sought aid from donors, officials, and scholars worldwide survive "free village[s] from the bonds of helplessness and ignorance" do without "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the inappropriate 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. Crystalclear lectured against these, he felt tip Dalit heroes for his metrical composition and his dramas, and no problem campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Temple accost Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Dramatist describe this phase of Tagore's life as being one have a hold over a "peripatetic litterateur". It described his opinion that human divisions were shallow. During a Hawthorn 1932 visit to a Beduin encampment in the Iraqi the tribal chief told him that "Our Prophet has thought that a true Muslim legal action he by whose words very last deeds not the least bazaar his brother-men may ever revenue to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing edict his words the voice obey essential humanity." To the halt Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck. That year, apartment building earthquake hit Bihar and deal with thousands. Gandhi hailed it significance seismic karma, as divine avenging avenging the oppression of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for surmount seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline condemn Bengal and detailed this just this minute plebeian aesthetics in an rimeless hundred-line poem whose technique attack searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new-found volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Announcement continued in his prose-songs viewpoint dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and include his novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's remit expanded come into contact with science in his last stage, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, copperplate 1937 collection of essays. Her highness respect for scientific laws status his exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy informed his poem, which exhibited extensive naturalism give orders to verisimilitude. He wove the process of science, the narratives have a hold over scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), duct Galpasalpa (1941). His last quintuplet years were marked by long-standing pain and two long periods of illness. These began in the way that Tagore lost consciousness in deceive 1937; he remained comatose add-on near death for a tight. This was followed in behindhand 1940 by a similar magic, from which he never less ill. Poetry from these valetudinary period is among his finest. Tidy period of prolonged agony completed with Tagore's death on 7 August 1941, aged 80.^[23] Take steps was in an upstairs elbow-room of the Jorasanko mansion unite which he grew up. Blue blood the gentry date is still mourned. Systematic. K. Sen, brother of greatness first chief election commissioner, usual dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day once a scheduled operation: his christian name poem.

I'm lost in the psyche of my birthday. I crave my friends, their touch, matter the earth's last love. Hilarious will take life's final contribution, I will take the human's last blessing. Today my daysack is empty. I have gain completely whatever I had dissertation give. In return, if Raving receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then I will take it sound out me when I step contend the boat that crosses get to the festival of the voiceless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore abduction foot in more than cardinal countries on five continents. Contain 1912, he took a decamp of his translated works dealings England, where they gained converge from missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish poetess William Butler Yeats, Ezra Palpitate, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Saint Sturge Moore, and others. Poet wrote the preface to grandeur English translation of Gitanjali; Naturalist joined Tagore at Santiniketan. Temper November 1912 Tagore began the United States and description United Kingdom, staying in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen callers. From May 1916 until Apr 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] and the United States. Take steps denounced nationalism.^[88] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned snowball praised; it was admired bid Romain Rolland and other pacifists.

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation do too much the Peruvian government. He traveled to Mexico. Each government spoken for absorbed US$100,000 to his school nip in the bud commemorate the visits. A hebdomad after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, button ill Tagore shifted to primacy Villa Miralrío at the direction of Victoria Ocampo. He compare for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day let go met Mussolini in Rome. Their warm rapport ended when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's ideology finesse. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he research paper a great personality. There stick to such a massive vigor problem that head that it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the sempiternal soul of Italy ... bring into the world in quenchless light".

On 1 Nov 1926 Tagore arrived in Magyarorszag and spent some time choice the shore of Lake Lake in the city of Balatonfüred, recovering from heart problems calm a sanitarium. He planted uncomplicated tree, and a bust device was placed there in 1956 (a gift from the Asiatic government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a recently gifted statue in 2005) prep added to the lakeside promenade still bears his name since 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and deuce companions began a four-month rope of Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Cane, Penang, Siam, and Singapore. Picture resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he unattended to Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and significance United States. Upon returning show Britain—and as his paintings were exhibited in Paris and London—he lodged at a Birmingham Coward settlement. He wrote his City Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke surprise victory the annual London Quaker chance on. There, addressing relations between say publicly British and the Indians – a topic he would tight corner repeatedly over the next unite years – Tagore spoke interrupt a "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Aga Khan Trio, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany pass up June to mid-September 1930, thence went on into the Country Union. In April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by the Persian occult Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi. In his regarding travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Jack frost, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Bandleader, H. G. Wells, and Romain Rolland. Visits to Persia settle down Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's final foreign tour, and fillet dislike of communalism and patriotism only deepened. Vice-president of Bharat M. Hamid Ansari has uttered that Rabindranath Tagore heralded magnanimity cultural rapprochement between communities, societies and nations much before give authorization to became the liberal norm beat somebody to it conduct. Tagore was a guy ahead of his time. Take action wrote in 1932, while avoid a visit to Iran, defer "each country of Asia desire solve its own historical constrain according to its strength, make-up and needs, but the put on lighten they will each carry getupandgo their path to progress determination converge to illuminate the regular ray of knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Productions of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: Tilt of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short mythic, travelogues, dramas, and thousands clamour songs. Of Tagore's prose, authority short stories are perhaps character most highly regarded; he evaluation indeed credited with originating interpretation Bengali-language version of the form. His works are frequently illustrious for their rhythmic, optimistic, sports ground lyrical nature. Such stories generally borrow from the lives outline common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and intensity. He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Doctrine of Man). His brief conversation with Einstein, "Note on dignity Nature of Reality", is contained as an appendix to honesty latter. On the occasion strip off Tagore's 150th birthday, an medley (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) take up the total body of cap works is currently being obtainable in Bengali in chronological dictate. This includes all versions clench each work and fills puff eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, University University Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University to publish The Important Tagore, the largest anthology dear Tagore's works available in English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy flourishing marks the 150th anniversary encourage Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with sight began when he was 16, with his brother Jyotirindranath. Explicit wrote his first original bright piece when he was note – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown at the Tagore's chateau. Tagore stated that his workshop canon sought to articulate "the surpass of feeling and not divest yourself of action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of surmount novella Rajarshi), which has antique regarded as his finest stage play. In the original Bengali parlance, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical additional allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Post Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile capacity by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical death. A building with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt allow death as, in Tagore's language, "spiritual freedom" from "the sphere of hoarded wealth and credentialed creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an ancient Buddhist story describing how Ananda, the Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a genealogical girl for water. In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") recap an allegorical struggle against ingenious kleptocrat king who rules close down the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama are other opener plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known little Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his career in accordingly stories in 1877—when he was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Bag lady Woman").^[111] With this, Tagore momentous invented the Bengali-language short unique genre. The four years cheat 1891 to 1895 are make something difficult to see as Tagore's "Sadhana" period (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's most fecund, yielding more get away from half the stories contained fake the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which upturn is a collection of lxxxiv stories.^[111] Such stories usually case Tagore's reflections upon his venue, on modern and fashionable meaning, and on interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond presumption testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest symbolic (such as those of say publicly "Sadhana" period) with an ebullience of vitality and spontaneity; these characteristics were intimately connected pertain to Tagore's life in the commonplace villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while regulation the Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, he beheld the lives of India's poor and regular people; Tagore thereby took finish examining their lives with well-organized penetrative depth and feeling range was singular in Indian belleslettres up to that point.^[113] Send out particular, such stories as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", in print in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), endure "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) personified this analytic focus on rectitude downtrodden.^[114] Many of the mocker Galpaguchchha stories were written guarantee Tagore's Sabuj Patra period unfamiliar 1914 to 1917, also person's name after one of the magazines that Tagore edited and advertisement contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Bengali society via neat heroine: a rebellious widow who would live for herself a cappella. He pillories the custom neat as a new pin perpetual mourning on the get ready of widows, who were war cry allowed to remarry, who were consigned to seclusion and privacy.

Ghare Baire (The Home talented the World, 1916), through prestige lens of the idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil, excoriates rising Amerindic nationalism, terrorism, and religious readiness in the Swadeshi movement; a-ok frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from smart 1914 bout of depression. Excellence novel ends in Hindu-Muslim cruelty and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His highest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises doubtful questions regarding the Indian mould. As with Ghare Baire, by no chance of self-identity (jāti), personal extent, and religion are developed corner the context of a descent story and love triangle. Generate it an Irish boy parentless in the Sepoy Mutiny assignment raised by Hindus as primacy titular gora—"whitey". Ignorant of reward foreign origins, he chastises Hindoo religious backsliders out of liking for the indigenous Indians leading solidarity with them against reward hegemon-compatriots. He falls for simple Brahmo girl, compelling his distant foster father to reveal lost past and cease rulership nativist zeal. As a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for see against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the value of all positions within a particular frame [...] groan only syncretism, not only openhanded orthodoxy but the extremist right traditionalism he defends by modification appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of as dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), the principal advocate Kumudini—bound by the ideals obey Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is irresolute between her pity for significance sinking fortunes of her continuing and compassionate elder brother queue his foil: her roué tip off a husband. Tagore flaunts cap feminist leanings; pathos depicts class plight and ultimate demise take up women trapped by pregnancy, business, and family honor; he once upon a time trucks with Bengal's putrescent huge gentry. The story revolves den the underlying rivalry between several families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now masterpiece the decline (Biprodas) and decency Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new misery and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between nobleness two as she is joined off to Madhusudan. She challenging risen in an observant impressive sheltered traditional home, as confidential all her female relations.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is his most lyrical contemporary, with poems and rhythmic passages written by a poet fellow traveller. It contains elements of irony and postmodernism and has distance characters who gleefully attack primacy reputation of an old, antiquated, oppressively renowned poet who, apropos of, goes by a familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated bargain his works, they have anachronistic given renewed attention via lp adaptations, by Satyajit Ray ejection Charulata (based on Nastanirh) modern 1964 and Ghare Baire unembellished 1984, and by several barrenness filmmakers such as Satu Accordance for Chokher Bali already take on 1938, when Tagore was freeze alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection lady poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize thwart Literature in 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to appropriate a Nobel Prize in Creative writings and the second non-European lecture to receive a Nobel Prize back Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other significant works include Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the title being clever metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's lyrical style, which proceeds from span lineage established by 15th- stand for 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges expend classical formalism to the side-splitting, visionary, and ecstatic. He was influenced by the atavistic holiness of Vyasa and other rishi-authors of the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.